Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease that is contagious because it spreads from one person to another. It is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lung however it later potentially spread to other organs. It is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Pulmonary tuberculosis widely spread as an epidemic in North America and Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. Its cases have declined afterward. Moreover, the majority of its cases are found in developing countries.

Causes  of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Pulmonary Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Being a contagious disorder, it spreads from an infected person to a healthy person by air. Some of the Pulmonary Tuberculosis causes are listed below,

Airborne Transmission:

Airborne transmission is one of the main Pulmonary tuberculosis causes. TB is chiefly transmitted through the air. while an infected man or woman coughs, sneezes, speaks, or even sings, tiny droplets containing the bacteria grow to be airborne. breathing in these droplets makes people liable to infection.

Close Contact with Infected Individuals:

Spending extended intervals in near proximity to a person with lively TB will increase the danger of transmission. that is in particular commonplace in households or crowded environments.

Weakened Immune System:

People with weakened immune structures are extra at risk of contracting pulmonary TB. This includes humans with conditions inclusive of HIV/AIDS, the ones present process chemotherapy, individuals taking immunosuppressive medicinal drugs, and those with certain persistent ailments like diabetes or kidney disease.

Improper Treatment or Non-Adherence to Medication:

Overuse or unsuitable use of antibiotics can bring about drug-resistant traces of TB. those lines are tougher to deal with and require specialized, regularly greater pricey medicines.

Drug-Resistant TB Strains:

Overuse or improper use of antibiotics can result in drug-resistant traces of TB. these strains are more difficult to treat and require specialized, regularly extra steeply-priced medications.

Age and Gender:

Younger kids and the elderly are greater susceptible to TB because of weaker immune structures. In a few regions, men may additionally have higher charges of TB because of elements inclusive of risky behaviors and behind-schedule healthcare searching.

Overcrowded or Unsanitary Living Conditions:

Settings with negative airflow, crowded areas, and constrained entry to healthcare grow the hazard of TB transmission. this is especially accepted in densely populated urban areas and in certain institutional settings like prisons or shelters.

Healthcare Settings:

Without proper infection control measures, TB can be transmitted in healthcare settings. This risk is present in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare facilities.

Inactive and active pulmonary tuberculosis

Being exposed to disease-causing bacteria does not necessarily mean that you will get sick. Exposure to the bacteria results in primary TB or latent TB. Most people recover from latent TB without showing any symptoms because their immune systems are protecting them. Also, it’s important to note that people with latent or primary pulmonary tuberculosis are non-contagious. They can go out and carry out their regular activities without infecting others.

However, a few percent of infected people have chances to get sick again. TB gets active in some people and they start showing symptoms. with reactivated pulmonary tuberculosis are contagious, and are required to stay at home to ensure they don’t infect others.

The risk is higher for people with weaker immune system like

1. Older adults
2.  Infants,
3.  People having AIDS.
4.  If they have any autoimmune disorder
5.  Smoking adults

Symptoms

The primary stage of TB does not cause symptoms. When symptoms of pulmonary TB occur, they can include:

1. Cough with the release of mucus
2. Difficulty in breathing
3. Chest pain
4. Wheezing
5. Coughing up blood
6. Excessive sweating, particularly at night
7. Fatigue
8. Fever

Exams and Tests Conducted to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis

Your pulmonologist will perform a physical exam to find-

1. Swollen or tender lymph nodes in the neck or other areas.
2.  Clubbing of the fingers or toes.
3. Pleural Effusion (Fluid around lungs)
4. Crackles – Unusual breath sounds in the lungs

The Doctor may further go with tests like–

1. Chest X-ray – This is a common test conducted to diagnose TB. This helps in detecting any abnormalities in the lungs which can be traced to it.
2. Sputum Test – This test includes coughing up sputum and analyzing it for the presence of bacteria. Sputum is cultured to do so.
3. Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test – This test includes injecting a small amount of PPD (Purified Protein Derivative) into the forearm. The doctor checks the injected area after 48-72 hours to see if there is any reaction, a reaction to PPD indicates exposure to TB bacteria.
4. Blood Test – A blood test may be done to detect any antibodies developed to the bacteria.
5. CT- Scan – In some cases, CT-Scan may be done to get a more detailed view of the lungs and surrounding tissues.

 Treatment

The goal of taking treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis is to cure the disease completely. People with latent TB should also take proper treatment in order to decrease the risk of it getting reactivated. The pulmonologist provides a combination of 4 tablets which you have to take for 6 months or longer to get the best results. The name of 4 medicine provided are

1. Isoniazid
2. Pyrazinamide
3. Ethambutol
4. Rifampin ( Rifadin )

It is necessary to choose the best chest specialist and take the prescribed medicine on time. If the infected person is not taking the medicine on time, a nurse should look over the schedule and give him medicine timely. Ignoring such disease or being careless about treatment can further increase the problem as if pulmonary tuberculosis remains uncured for longer, It may damage our vital organs. An infected person should go for timely diagnosis, timely treatment, and care from a good pulmonologist and a good hospital.

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A chest specialist, technically known as a pulmonologist, are one who carries the medical expertise to treat problems related to your lungs. Any breathing problems or respiratory problems, and lung infections can be treated by the medical expertise and care of a good pulmonologist and hospital.

The right chest specialist: Factors to be considered

1. Research the Pulmonologist’s Credentials

A pulmonologist’s credential tells us about his medical background and training. Board certification is one of the most important factors to consider when you are looking for the right chest specialist. It gives an assurance that the doctor you are considering has the necessary training, skills and experience to provide proper healthcare. You can find the pulmonologist’s medical school, training hospital, and certifications, online nowadays. Also, confirm that the doctor has no history of malpractice claims or disciplinary actions.

2. Look for Chest Specialist’s Experience

Experienced doctors always have the upper hand in understanding any complex issue. While facing a complex respiratory health issue, experience matters. The more experience a pulmonologist has with a condition or procedure, the more the chances of him being accurate with diagnosis and further procedures and the better are the chances of good results of treatment. Ask how many patients with your specific condition the chest specialist has treated. Consult with your friends and family if they know about the doctor. Ask the lung specialist about how many of the procedures the doctor has performed and find out about complication rates—complications the doctor has encountered as well as your own risk of complications.

3. Research Hospital Quality

The hospital where you will get the treatment also matters. Imagine a scenario where you choose the best doctor, but the facilities provided by the hospital are not up to the mark or the technology they are using are old and not up to date. Proper care, time-to-time check-up, enough staff to take care of every patient, and properly functioning hospital beds and rooms all these factors are necessary to consider before choosing the doctor and hospital. Consider the quality of care you will be provided at the hospital where the chest specialist can treat patients. It’s a known fact that treatment done with proper tech and quality conditions will have lesser complications and a higher success rate. Additionally, think about the hospital’s location. If it’s near your location that’s perfect if it’s not then are there proper lodging and transportation facilities available nearby? The location issue should not cause problems in your timely care.

4. Read Patient Reviews about the lung specialist

Reading the testimonials of patients treated by chest specialists gives an insight into the doctor’s way of dealing and operating with his patients. Having good communication with your doctor makes it easier to understand your health conditions. This may also help you get an idea about hospital facilities and quality of care. Patient reviews typically ask people about their experience with scheduling appointments, wait times, office environment, and office staff friendliness. You can look for the reviews and testimonials and the hospital’s websites or on the doctor’s own website if he has one.

5. Availability of the treatment and chest specialist

Checking out the waiting time, appointment, and availability of a doctor to see if your treatment is possible is needed. As we have mentioned the hospital should have all the basic facilities but, are the facility even available for you? Is the experienced Chest specialist available? While going through the website, remember to check the l available treatments. It’s an understood fact that you need to check if the required treatment for your problem is even available in the selected hospital or not. Consult with the pulmonologist.

Conclusion

In other words, Your health is precious and invaluable, so it’s important to conduct proper research on the chest specialist you are considering, his knowledge, training, experience, and the hospital he is working in all are factors that should not be ignored. Find the best chest specialist for you Looking for a hospital that will provide quality care along with the best chest specialist ensures good treatment and better results. Along with online research consider the referrals from your previous doctor(if any), family, and friends.

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Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a minimally invasive procedure that is performed at a doctor’s office or a hospital. Patients usually return home the same day.

Radiofrequency ablation, also called fulguration, is a medical procedure in which part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, tumor or other dysfunctional tissue is ablated using the heat generated from medium frequency alternating current.

Procedure

RFA may or may not be performed under mild sedation. If sedation is used, the patient is usually kept awake and conscious to an extent to be able to describe what they feel during the stimulation and lesioning of the nerve. RFA involves the following steps:

• The patient lies on his/her stomach on a procedure table. If sedation is used, an intravenous (IV) line is started so that relaxation medicine (sedation) can be given.
• The skin over the treatment area (neck, mid-back, or low back) is well cleaned to minimize the risk of infection.
• The physician numbs a small area of skin by injecting a numbing medicine (anaesthetic) in the region of the RFA injection site.

The physician uses x-ray guidance (fluoroscopy) to direct the RFA needle toward the medial or lateral branch nerves.

• Medical branch nerves transmit pain from the fac joints
  • Each facet joint is connected to 2 medial branch nerves that carry pain signals away from the spine to the brain.
  • Lateral branch nerves transmit pain signals from sacroiliac joints between the sacrum and ilium in the pelvis to the brain.
• Once the needle tip is placed accurately, an active electrode is inserted through the needle and a small amount of electrical current is carefully passed next to the target nerve and a safe distance from other nerves.
• This current may briefly recreate the painful symptoms that the patient usually experiences.
• Once the target nerve is confirmed, a heat lesion is created on the nerve using the preferred method (conventional, pulsed, or water-cooled radiofrequency) of ablation.
• This process may be repeated for additional nerves.
• The entire procedure usually takes 30 to 90 minutes. It is advised to have someone drive the patient home after the procedure.

Recovery

Immediately after the RFA, the patient is shifted to a recovery room for 15 minutes to an hour (if sedation was used) where his/her vital signs are continuously monitored.

Depending on the area treated, a superficial burning pain with hypersensitivity, similar to a sunburn feeling may be experienced. Sometimes a slight numbness of the skin over the same area may also be experienced.

A few precautions and tips for the first day or two after RFA are:

• An ice pack may be used intermittently to numb the pain and reduce swelling on the injection site.
• Ice packs must be used for 15 to 20 minutes at a time with a break of at least two hours in between to avoid skin injury.
• Heat packs are usually not advised on the injection site after RFA
• Warm showers are preferred over baths for 1 to 2 days after the RFA procedure.

Pain relief after RFA is typically experienced 1 to 3 weeks after the injection. It is advised to rest for several days before returning to normal activities. Patients may engage in regular activities but should let pain levels be their guide for the first few days.

Since many patients have been de-conditioned over many months or years as a result of their pain, physicians might prescribe a guided physical therapy regimen to allow them to increase their strength and activity tolerance in a safe manner.

Remember that your doctor is a partner in your recovery, so don’t hesitate to ask them questions. Divine Heart & Multispeciality Hospital offers different specialties in cardiology, cardiovascular surgery and many more, Book an appointment with a cardiologist.

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Cardiomyoplasty is a new type of cardiac surgery in which the muscles of the skeletal system, particularly the muscles of the latissimus Dorsi are transformed into a muscle that is strengthened for the myocardium. A specific pacemaker is inserted into the muscle that aids in its contraction. The procedure is linked to damaged myocardium remodeling. It is a bio-medical technique to rebuild, repair, and strengthen biological tissue.

If the Cardiomyoplasty procedure is successful and the desired cardiac output is reached, it can be used as a bridge therapy and is proving that it’s time for the myocardium to be treated using different methods.

When Is It Necessary?

The procedure of cardiomyoplasty in the heart attack is complex that is carried out to treat the following conditions:

• Congestive cardiac failure– It is among the most frequent causes of hospitalization as well as the death of those living in the developed world. A heart transplant may be the only feasible option for this problem, however there’s a shortage of donors.
• Aortic artery disease-  It is in the advanced stage of cardiac surgery.

Types of Cardiomyoplasty –

There are two kinds of cardiomyoplasty.

• Cellular cardiomyoplasty- In this kind of cardiomyoplasty, the cells are developed within the damaged heart. The progenitors are used to repair damaged heart cells.
• Dynamic cardiomyoplasty– In this kind of cardiomyoplasty, the skeletal muscles are transformed into a stronger form to enable them in order to function as myocardial cells. A pacemaker is also connected to aid in the contraction of the heart.

Cardiomyoplasty: Pre-operative Tests:

There’s a shortage of donors yet people still are looking forward to an organ transplant. Cardiomyoplasty (Cardiac Surgery) is a much more secure and feasible procedure. Before undergoing cardiomyoplasty, patients are required to undergo the following tests:

1. 2-D ECO
2. ECG
3. Stress test using Thallium scan
4. Measuring the highest oxygen consumption
5. Heart rate peak
6. The blood pressure needs to be managed
7. The weight must be maintained
8. A chest CT scan to assess the size of the latissimus donors
9. To ensure that there is no chest

Procedure During Cardiomyoplasty

The Dynamic Cardiomyoplasty is carried out in two steps.

In the beginning, the muscles of the latissimus Dorsi muscle is severely retracted by the chest’s wall. Be careful to keep the subcutaneous tissues and nerve bundle in good condition. Two intramuscular stimulation leads are connected to the latissimus Dorsi and connect to the muscles that originate from the bundle by right angles.

In the second stage, within a few weeks, the latissimus dorsi becomes detached from its source and insertion and is tied around the heart.

The entire surgical procedure is performed under anesthesia.

Things to take care of before the cardiac surgery

• Exercises that involve physical force should be avoided until full recovery has occurred.
• It is important to prevent infection around the area of the cut.
• Intake of fluids should be enhanced
• Smoking cigarettes should be avoided
• The consumption of alcohol should be restricted
• There is no need to be stressed
• Healthy and balanced eating

This procedure is recommended for older people too.

What happens after an operation of Cardiomyoplasty?

A patient should visit a doctor post-op if they have these symptoms:

• Chest pain
• Fever
• Pus is present around the area of cut
• Inflammation around the area of cut
• Breathing shortness
• Discoloration that appears as a bluish shade of mucous membranes, especially the on the lips, tip of the nose and fingers’ tops.

What are the risks in this procedure in this kind of Cardiac Surgery?

It is a secure procedure, it is safe and avoids problems like an infection, thromboembolism or immunosuppression and a lack of donors. However, it is up to the doctor to recommend this procedure as there are some contraindications for this procedure.

These include patients suffering from :

• Diabetes
• Liver failure
• From kidney failure
• Lung dysfunction

Remember that your doctor is a partner in your recovery, so don’t hesitate to ask them questions. Divine Heart & Multispeciality Hospital offers different specialties in cardiology, cardiovascular surgery and many more, Book an appointment with a cardiologist.

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A heart transplant is a surgery in which a healthy heart of an organ Donor is placed in place of diseased heart of a patient, two or more healthcare providers must declare the donor brain-dead. Heart transplant is a treatment that is usually given to reserve for people whose condition hasn’t improved enough with medications or other surgeries prescribed by a doctor.

 Heart transplant is a major operation of open-heart surgery, your chance of survival is good with appropriate follow-up care.

Causes of Heart Failure include:

• Heart Attack
• Viral infection of the heart muscle
•  High blood pressure
• Low (RBCs) red blood cells count (anaemia)
• Heart effects in infants, children(congenital)
• Irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias)
• High blood pressure in the lungs Alcoholism or drug abuse
• Chronic lung diseases, enlargement, thickening of Heart muscle 
• Low red blood cell count (anaemia)
• Heart valve disease 
• Alcoholism or drug abuse

Process of heart transplant

Heart transplant surgery is an open-heart surgery procedure, if you’ve had previous heart surgeries, the surgery is more complicated and will take longer.

The surgeon usually gives medication that causes you to sleep (generally anesthesia) before the surgery. Your surgeons will connect your body to a heart-lung bypass machine to maintain the level of oxygen-rich blood flowing throughout your body.

The surgeon will make an opening in your chest. Your surgeon will separate your chest bone and then open your rib cage so that he or she can process the surgery. The surgeon will then remove the heart that is diseased and sews the donor heart in place. The surgeon will then connect the main blood vessels of the donor’s heart. The heart will begin running when blood flow has been restored. Sometimes, an electric shock may be required to cause the donor heart to be able to beat correctly.

You’ll receive medication to aid with relief from pain after the operation. Additionally, you’ll have a ventilator that helps you breathe, as well as tubes placed in your chest to remove the fluids that surround your lungs as well as your heart. After surgery, you’ll receive medications and fluids via IV (IV) tube.

What are the potential risks associated with a Heart Transplant?

Like for any heart attack surgery complications can occur. Risks associated with the heart transplant could include:

•  Infection
•  Risk of bleeding during or after the procedure
• Blood clots could cause stroke, heart attack, or lung issues.
• Kidney failure
• Coronary Allograft Vasculopathy (CAV)- It is a condition that affects the blood vessels which carry fluid to the cardiac muscle. They get thicker and harder. This could lead to serious heart muscle injury.
• Heart failure in the donor
• Death

Your body’s immune system might be able to reject your new heart. It is a normal reaction to a foreign object. When you acquire a brand-new heart, the immune system responds to what it considers an outside threat and begins attacking this new body. In order for the organ that was transplanted to remain in the new body, you’ll require medication. The drugs will trick your immune system to accept the transplant, and stop the body from attacking.

It is necessary to take medications to treat or prevent rejection throughout your life. These medications can have negative side effects too. The adverse effects one can experience will depend on the specific medication you are taking:

• Infections that are ongoing or recurring and doesn’t improve with treatment
• Insufficient blood flow throughout the body including the brain.
• Metastatic cancer. It is the time when the cancer is spreading from the area it began to other locations within the body.
• A serious health issue that could cause you to be unable to endure the procedure
• Other health issues apart from heart disease will not improve after transplant
• Incompleteness with the treatment regimen. For example, not adhering to the directions of your physician and not taking your medication according to the prescription, or not attending appointments.
• Abuse of alcohol or drug

Recovery

Usually after having an open-heart surgery, you’ll need to make several long-term adjustments after you have had your heart transplant. These include:

• Taking immunosuppressants.
• Managing medications and a lifelong care plan. 
• Cardiac rehabilitation

Remember that your doctor is a partner in your recovery, so don’t hesitate to ask them questions. Divine Heart & Multispeciality Hospital offers different specialties in cardiology, cardiovascular surgery and many more, Book an appointment with a cardiologist.

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An atherectomy is a surgery to treat  heart attack , a procedure to remove plaque from an artery (blood vessel). Removing plaque makes the artery wider, so blood can flow more freely to the heart muscles. In an atherectomy, the plaque is shaved or vaporized away with tiny rotating blades or a laser on the end of a catheter (a thin, flexible tube).                  

Usually, Angioplasty and stents are performed before atherectomy, this surgery is used to treat peripheral artery disease and coronary artery disease. Plaque (fatty deposits collection of fat and cholesterol) build up in your arteries is called atherosclerosis, it is a heart disease for which treatment of Atherectomy is given.

Types of Atherectomy

 Mainly, there are four types of atherectomy in heart attack treatment surgeries based on types of its devices: orbital, rotational, laser, and directional.

1. Orbital atherectomy-this is the latest technique that uses a high-speed rotational device with modified tip technology, in which the cutting tip spins at high speed and grinds the plaque into a powder.
2. Rotational atherectomy- the cutting tip spins at high speed and grinds the plague into a powder then it is washed away into the bloodstream.
3. Laser atherectomy- in this device the catheter emits high energy laser to vaporize the plague material.
4. Directional Atherectomy-in this device the blade shaves of the plague and the plague is collected separately in the catheter and then removed.

Procedure of Atherectomy

The procedure of atherectomy is performed in a place called cardiac catheterization lab. Before the procedure, the patient receives calmative to help him or her relax. After that a catheter is gently inserted in an artery, usually in the groin or upper thigh area. It’s then guided through the blood vessel toward the heart. When it’s in place, dye is injected through the catheter and into the coronary arteries. An X-ray is taken to help the physician pinpoint the area that is blocked by plague. The physician then uses tiny blades or a laser, attached to the (device) end of the catheter, to vaporise plaque.

After the surgery, an angioplasty or stent (other surgeries of open-heart surgery) procedure is sometimes performed. Once the treatment is complete, the catheter is removed. Most patients go home after about 24 hours.
already had angioplasty and stents, but who still have plaque blocking the flow of blood.

Recovery

Usually after a heart attack one can begin normal activities after a few weeks of atherectomy procedure. Doctors always advise some specific guidelines for faster recovery of patients one should always try to stick to the guidelines provided by the doctor. Atherectomy usually provides good relief to the patient having symptoms of atherosclerosis. Your doctor will discuss the outcomes of the procedure with you. The patient has to try to live a healthy lifestyle unless atherosclerosis can recur. There are typically no side effects from the treatment.

Atherectomy usually provides good relief to the patient having symptoms of atherosclerosis. Your doctor will discuss the outcomes of the procedure with you. The patient has to try to live a healthy lifestyle unless atherosclerosis can recur. There are typically no side effects from the treatment.

Remember that your doctor is a partner in your recovery, so don’t hesitate to ask them questions. Divine Heart & Multispeciality Hospital offers different specialties in cardiology, cardiovascular surgery and many more, Book an appointment with a cardiologist.

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Angioplasty is a type of cardiac surgery procedure to improve blood flow in coronary arteries that have become narrow or blocked. Basically, it is done by using a balloon to stretch where plaque makes space inside an artery which makes it narrowed or blocked.

However, most recent balloon angioplasty procedures also involve inserting a short wire mesh tube called a stent in the artery during this procedure.

Who needs to have Angioplasty?

People who have had a heart attack or with coronary artery disease may require coronary angioplasty. It can also be used in the other parts of the body such as your neck, arms and legs, kidneys, and pelvis. It allows more hemoglobin to get through an arterial passageway that’s too narrow or blocked with plaque. This indirectly means the supply of hemoglobin will get better to the organ that the corridor reaches after the open heart operation.

What is the main purpose of Resection?

• This resection treats atherosclerosis (a collection of plaque made of fat and cholesterol) in your arteries in several different places in your body.
• Reduce chest pain caused by coronary artery blockages. Angina is the medical term for this type of pain. There are various types of angina. Certain types are treated with angioplasty.
• Limit damage to the heart during or immediately following a heart attack. Balloon Angioplasty is an emergency treatment in this scenario.

What will you experience before surgery?

Before your angioplasty, your physician will normally need you to avoid drinking or eating for a few hours. Depending on your circumstances, the cardiac surgery could last anywhere from a half-hour to several hours

You’ll need to tell your provider about any medications you’re taking and any sensitivities you have before cardiac resection. Your doctor will insert an IV into your arm to administer sedative medication. You can still respond to your provider’s queries. You’ll also be given medication through your IV to prevent your body from forming blood clots.

What happens during the Balloon angioplasty procedure? 

• Your provider puts a catheter or tube through your skin and into a blood vessel in your wrist during this procedure you will be given medicine so that you cannot feel the tube in your skin in the process of cardiac surgery.
• A cardiologist, or heart doctor, guides the catheter (tube) through your arteries to reach your blocked or restricted coronary artery. When doctors discharge a dye through the catheter to make it easier to visualize your blood vessels, you may feel warm for a few moments. 
• When the problematic area is found, your provider will put in a wire and another catheter (a balloon catheter) with a tiny balloon at the end. 
• Once they inflate the balloon, the plaque will move out of the way to the arterial passageway, this will clear the hemoglobin to flow.
• Your doctor will next insert a stent, which is a small hollow scaffold formed of metal. The stent, which is more powerful than a balloon, keeps the corridor open when the balloon is removed.
• The stent, which your provider extends and secures into place after inserting it into your arterial passageway , remains inside your artery even after the balloon angioplasty procedure is completed. Many stents have a medication coating that helps keep your artery from narrowing again.

What happens after the surgery?

First, you will be shifted to a rest room for a few hours after. You may stay in the hospital overnight. If you had an emergency angioplasty for a heart attack, you’ll need to stay in the hospital for about a few more days. 

What are the risks or complications of resection?

• An allergic reaction to the dye.
• A heart attack occurred.
• Bleeding.
• If a stent is not placed in your artery, you may get a recurrent blockage.
• Atypical cardiac beat.
• Stroke.
• Clots of blood form.
• Chest ache
• Damage to the blood vessels or the kidneys.

What would be the recovery time after surgery?

Don’t stress yourself till 24 hours after the treatment. You may need medicines like aspirin or other blood thinners after your resection procedure.

Remember that your doctor is a partner in your recovery, so don’t hesitate to ask them questions. Divine Heart & Multispeciality Hospital offers different specialties in cardiology, cardiovascular surgery and many more, Book an appointment with a cardiologist.

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For people suffering from severe coronary disease, BYPASS SURGERY(CABG) is used to increase circulation to the heart muscle.

This procedure involves connecting a healthy vein or artery to another part of your body or grafted to the blockage.

The blocked coronary artery is bypassed by the grafted vein, which carries oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

One or more of the coronary arteries can be bypassed in one operation. An intravenous line will also be initiated prior to the operation. You may also be prescribed medication to relax you.

What is the Bypass Surgery (CABG) Procedure?

CABG procedures can be performed under general anesthesia. This will allow you to fall asleep. The operation will last for approximately one year. To help you breathe, a breathing tube will be inserted into your mouth and into the throat.

To drain your urine, a catheter will be inserted into your bladder. The average time for coronary artery bypass surgery is three to six hours.

Your surgeon will make an incision to begin a traditional bypass surgery.

In the skin above your breastbones or sternum. Then, he or she will cut your sternum and move the ribcage to reach your heart.

Your circulatory system will be connected during the procedure to a heart-lung machine or cardiopulmonary bypass pump. The machine temporarily takes over the functions of your heart or lungs while you wait for the surgeon to sew the grafts in place. Two blood vessels are typically used for grafts. The inner thoracic vein in the chest.

• Your surgeon will attach the upper end to the internal thoracic arterial graft.
• You will need to access the subclavian arterial and divert the lower portion from your chest wall to the coronary artery.
• Your surgeon will sew one end of the saphenous vein to the aorta for the graft.
• The other end of the blocked artery is just beyond it.
• Once the graft is in place, your surgeon can use electrical signals
• To restore the heartbeat and attach temporary pacemakers to the heart.
• The heart-lung machine can be disengaged once your heart starts beating again. The surgeon will wire your breastbone together. Close the incision. 
• You will need to place a temporary drainage tube. Through the skin below the incision.

There are two other types of CABG procedures that were recently developed :

Off-pump

Off-pump CABG can also be called beating heart bypass, as the heart doesn’t stop and no heart-lung machine are used. A mechanical device is used instead to stabilize the area of the heart that is being grafted.

The heart’s remaining functions will continue and the blood pumping through the body will continue.

In case of a bypass, the heart-lung bypass machine or the person operating it can be kept available.

The bypass graft procedure involves the doctor sewing one end of the vein over an opening in the aorta and the other over an opening in the coronary vessel just below the blockage.

There may be more than one bypass procedure depending on the number of blockages and their location.

The doctor will inspect the grafts before closing the chest.

On-pump

Your doctor will temporarily stop your heart to allow the surgeon to attach the grafts to the small coronary arteries.

After the blood has been pumped into the bypass machine, your doctor will inject a cold solution to stop the heart.

After the heart is stopped, the doctor will perform the bypass graft procedure. This involves sewing one end of the vein over an opening in the aorta and the other over an opening in the coronary vessel just below the blockage. Your doctor may use the internal mammary vein inside your chest to perform a bypass procedure. The lower end of the artery is cut from the inside and then sewn above the blocked coronary artery.

There may be multiple bypass grafts required depending on the number of blockages and their location. Once all grafts are completed, your doctor will inspect them closely as blood is drawn through them to ensure they work.

After the bypass grafts are checked, the doctor will allow the blood from the bypass machine to return into your heart. Then, he or she will take out the tubes.

Sometimes, these procedures require a heart-lung device.

What happens before surgery?

• Your surgeon will explain every step of the procedure to you .
• You must avoid eating or drinking for 6 hours prior to the operation, as the anesthesia is used to make you unconscious.
• Clear fluids such as water, squash and coffee may be allowed up to 2 hours before your operation. This will be discussed with you by your care team.

What happens after surgery?

You will be transferred to the intensive care unit. Your heart activity will be closely monitored. Temporarily controlling your heart rate with the pacing wires may be necessary. To drain excess blood from the chest cavity, the chest tube will be in place.

Your breathing tube will be removed once you are able to breathe by yourself. An oxygen mask will replace it. The bladder catheter will still be in place.

All of these devices will gradually be removed as you recover over the next three-to-four days.

What are your risks from bypass surgery?

There are some coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) risks –

• Bleeding after or during surgery
• Blood clots can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and lung problems.
• Infection at the incision area
• Pneumonia
• Breathing problems
• Pancreatitis
• Failure of the kidneys
• Abnormal heart rhythms
• Failure of the graft
• Death

Recovery

The Recovery from the procedure of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) takes time to recover, everyone recovers at different speeds. Usually, people start to sit and walk after 3 days and can start normal exercise after 2-3 weeks.

Most people make a full recovery within 2-3 months of the operation. After your bypass surgery, you’ll need to focus on eating a healthy diet and healthy lifestyle, This will help your body to heal, reduce your risk factors of complications and enable to recover well. Many types of research have shown that a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and seeds can reduce risk factors of having heart disease.

Conclusion

Symptoms of heart attacks can be deceiving and difficult to understand. The good news is that the medical field has produced huge advances in the understanding and different types of cardiac surgery. Treatment methods, medications, and the science’s understanding of the heart are constantly progressing so your chances for a successful result are constantly getting better. If you or someone you love is experiencing signs of an attack on the heart, contact to get medical assistance immediately.

Remember that your doctor is a partner in your recovery, so don’t hesitate to ask them questions. Divine Heart & Multispeciality Hospital offers different specialties in cardiology, cardiovascular surgery and many more, Book an appointment with a cardiologist.

The post Bypass Surgery(CABG) : What is it, types, Procedures Risks and Recovery. appeared first on Divine Heart & Multispeciality.

Heart attack (myocardial infarction) occurs when a part of the heart muscle fails to receive enough blood or enough oxygen. This happens because the flow of blood into the heart muscle gets blocked.

The more-more time it takes to get blood flow back to normal without treatment, the more injury to heart muscles.

SYMPTOMS OF HEART ATTACK

The most prominent signs that a heart attack is characterized most common symptoms of heart attacks are:

• The chest may be painful or uncomfortable: Most in all heart attacks, there is a feeling of discomfort present in the center or the left-hand side. It lasts for a couple of minutes or disappears. The discomfort may feel like intense pressure, discomfort swelling, or pain.
• Breathlessness: This commonly is accompanied by chest discomfort However, breath shortness may also occur prior to chest pain.
• Feeling lightheaded and weak or You may even break out in a sweat.
• Inflammation or pain in the neck, jaw, or in back.
• Ailment or discomfort that affects either both shoulders or arms.

CAUSE OF A HEART ATTACK

The blockage occurs by the plaque build-up that is composed of deposits of fatty substances (collection of cholesterol and fat) within the blood vessels. This condition is called (atherosclerosis) it is known as a heart-related disease that requires treatment of atherectomy, When plaque is broken (ruptures) and a blood clot is formed quickly, a blood clot is a primary reason for Heart attacks.

If the oxygen and blood flow is interrupted, the muscle cells in the heart start to get damaged and eventually cease to function. Damage that is irreparable begins after 30 minutes of obstruction. The result is that the heart muscle that is affected by the absence of oxygen does not function in the way it ought to.

INHERITED (GENETIC) RISK FACTORS

Genetic or inheritance-related causes are the risk factors you were born with and can’t be altered however, this condition could be ameliorated through medical treatment and an active lifestyle.

These groups are the most susceptible to heart attacks:

• People who have inherited hypertension High blood pressure is a genetic condition.
• Unhealthy blood cholesterol, mostly LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is thought of as “bad” cholesterol because it may cause plaque to build up in your arteries, This is the main cause of heart attacks.
• People with diabetes mellitus
• People who have a family background of cardiovascular disease, This is particularly relevant if the heart condition was diagnosed before age 55.
• Older people both (men and women)
• Women who are menopausal are at a higher risk of suffering from heart attacks, the risk for men is in their younger age.
• Obesity.

ACQUIRED RISK FACTORS

Risk factors that are acquired result from activities that we include in our lives that are addressed through lifestyle modifications as well as medical care, these groups are most at risk:

• People who have acquired excessive blood pressure (hypertension)
• Consuming a diet rich in trans fats, cholesterol
• Alcohol consumption, smoking cigarettes, tobacco, or eating cigarettes can increase blood pressure levels and increase the chance of developing cardiovascular disease.
• People who have too much pressure People who are stressed out
• Obesity-People overweight by 30% or more
• People suffering from diabetes Meletus Type 2 

Common Heart Attack Types

The kind of heart attack (also known as myocardial infarction or MI) the heart attack you suffered determines the treatment options that your doctor will suggest, kinds of heart attacks include:

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)

Complete blockage in a coronary artery is a sign that you have suffered a “STEMI” heart attack or ST-elevation myocardial injury.

Myocardial injury (NSTEMI)

An incomplete blockage can be an “NSTEMI” heart attack or an incident that is not a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction.

The STEMI as well as NSTEMI heart attacks could cause enough damage to be considered major heart attacks.

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction STEMI (major heart attack)

An ST-elevation myocardial injury (STEMI) can be described as a form of heart attack that’s more severe and has an increased risk of complications and even death. When people imagine a heart attack then they imagine a STEMI, It mostly affects the lower chambers of the heart and alters the way electrical current flows through the heart’s lower chambers.

In the event of a delay, receiving treatment could result in an irreparable injury to the muscle of your heart or the death of the heart muscle.

A STEMI can be described as a myocardial heart attack that results in an identifiable pattern in an electrocardiogram (abbreviated by ECG or EKG)

The symptoms and signs of a STEMI

The symptoms that can be associated with chest pain are:

• nausea
• breathlessness
• anxiety
• light-headedness
• exchanging an uncontrollable sweat

The majority of people suffering from a heart attack wait up to two hours or more for assistance. The delay could cause permanent heart damage or even death Therefore, consult a physician immediately.

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)

Non-ST-elevation myocardial ischemia is a form of heart attack that occurs in the event that a section of your heart isn’t receiving sufficient oxygen, The condition is named due to the fact that in contrast to an ST elevation myocardial artery infarction (STEMI heart attack) It doesn’t cause a specific identifiable change in the electrical activity of your heart.

In some cases, further treatment with coronary angioplasty or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) may be recommended in cases of NSTEMI or unstable angina, after initial treatment with these medicines.

The symptoms and signs of NSTEMI

Heart attacks are a common occurrence typically described by the following signs:

• Chest Pain
• Feeling out of breath
• Nausea, stomach pain, or discomfort (may appear like indigestion, and heartburn).
• Feeling dizzy or lightheaded.

Heart Attack Medications

Heart attacks that are less severe may be treated with medications. Your physician will prescribe medication based on your health as well as risk factors and general health, These medications could include:

• In order to lower cholesterol levels in LDL, Statins are given.

• Anti-clotting drugs-This include aspirin and other blood-thinning medications.
• Nitro-glycerine-This medication is used to alleviate chest discomfort, It also acts as a vasodilator. This means it makes blood vessels larger which allows blood to flow more quickly.
• The thrombolytic (clot-busting) medication-The intravenous (IV) drugs cause blood clots to dissolve and break down, These drugs are usually prescribed in one hour following an attack of the heart.
• Antiarrhythmic medicines- Heart attacks typically cause malfunctions in your heart’s rhythm of the normal beat known as arrhythmias. Arrhythmias that are not properly controlled can cause serious harm. Antiarrhythmic medication can stop or delay these issues.
• Pain medication -The most commonly used painkiller used in the treatment of heart attacks is morphine. This medication can relieve chest discomfort.

Types Of Cardiac Surgery (Treatment)

If you’ve experienced an attack on your heart, your doctor might recommend the procedure (surgery or non-surgical). These procedures can ease discomfort and prevent another heart attack from happening.

Common procedures include:

• Angioplasty– an angioplasty is a procedure of opening an artery that is blocked by the use of balloons or by eliminating plaque, The plaque build-up is removed.
• Stent– an attached wire mesh tube to open an artery during the procedure of angioplasty.
•  Angioplasty Laser –this procedure is similar to angioplasty, except that the catheter comes with an open-ended laser tip. the artery that is blocked.
• Artificial heart valve surgery- A damaged or diseased heart valve is replaced with a healthy one.
• Atherectomy- is typically advised following angioplasty or the stent is similar to angioplasty, except that the catheter comes with an opening laser that can open the artery that is blocked. the artery.
• Heart bypass surgery– The bypass procedure redirects the blood from the obstruction to the heart muscle.
• Cardiomyoplasty– is an experimental procedure that uses skeleton muscles from a patient’s back.
• Radiofrequency ablation– Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) is a non-invasive procedure that can be carried out in a doctor’s office or in a hospital. Patients typically return home that next day.
• Heart transplant- A heart transplant is a surgery in which a healthy heart of an organ donor is placed in the place of the diseased heart of a patient.

Here are some ways to lower your risk of Heart Attacks:

• Check out the risk factors that apply to you and decide to eliminate or decrease them.
• Find out more concerning high blood pressure and cholesterol levels. These could constitute “silent killers”.
• Risk factors for change that aren’t passed down through lifestyle changes. Discuss with your physician for advice on how to accomplish this.
• Consult your doctor to determine if you have risk factors that cannot be altered, these are manageable by taking medication and making lifestyle changes. 

Recovery

The process of recovery usually occurs in stages. It begins at the hospital, where your condition is closely monitored, and your personal requirements for the future will be evaluated. After you have been discharged from the hospital you are able to keep recovering at your home.

The primary goals of the process of recovery are the following:

• To gradually improve your physical fitness until you can return to regular routine activities (known as cardiac rehabilitation)
• To lower the risk of a heart attack. This will lower the risk of another heart

Symptoms of heart attacks can be deceiving and difficult to understand. The good news is that the medical field has produced huge advances in the understanding and types of cardiac surgery. Treatment methods, medications, and the science’s understanding of the heart are constantly progressing so your chances for a successful result are constantly getting better. If you or someone you love is experiencing signs of an attack on the heart, contact to get medical assistance immediately.

Remember that your doctor is a partner in your recovery, so don’t hesitate to ask them questions Divine Heart & Multispeciality Hospital, Heart hospital in Lucknow offers different specialties in cardiology, Cardiovascular surgery, and many more, book an appointment with a cardiologist.

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